The study analyses the processes of and barriers to the cultural integration of Ukrainian refugee women in Košice. The theoretical framework comprises the concepts of cultural and social capital (Bourdieu) and liminality (Turner), which shed light on the status devaluation of highly educated women on the Slovak labour market. A qualitative analysis of interviews (n = 28) identifies obstacles to cultural participation and explores the role of so-called “third places” (Oldenburg). The research indicates that integration is determined by economic pragmatism, gender aspects, transnationalism, and a state of liminality conditioned by the temporary nature of their status and a digital connection to home. The findings are then placed within the European context, thereby contributing to the understanding of gender-based migration and migrant strategies in contemporary Europe.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Bahna, Miroslav – Fedáková, Denisa – Kentoš, Michal – Lášticová, Barbara – Mezihorák, Petr – Očenášová, Zuzana – Papcunová, Jana – Petrjánošová, Miroslava – Poslon, Xavier Daniela – Prošek, Tomáš – Wilsch, Martin. 2025. People from Ukraine in Slovakia: From Acceptance to Integration. A Social Survey of Ukrainian Migrants in Slovakia. Košice: Slovenská akadémia vied. https://doi.org/10.31577/2025.9788082980205
Berry, John, W. 2011. Integration and Multiculuralism: Ways towards Social Solidarity. Papers on Social Representations 20 (1): 2.1 – 2.21. Dostupné z: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266528000_Integration_and_Multiculturalism_Ways_towards_Social_Solidarity [cit. 15. 5. 2026].
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Teorie jednání. Praha: Karolinum.
Braun, Virginia – Clarke, Victoria. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77 – 101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cienfuegos, Javiera – Brandhorst, Rosa – Fahy Bryceson, Deborah (eds.) 2023. Handbook of Transnational Families Around the World. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15278-8
Danielová, Linda – Prokešová, Radka – Vacková, Jitka – Švestková, Renata – Shuranova, Lesia. 2025. Selected Socio-Economic Aspects of the Integration of Ukrainians: Evidence from the Czech Republic. Problems and Perspectives in Management 23 (1): 52 – 62. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(1).2025.04
Drbohlav, Dušan – Novotný, Josef 2023. Dotazníkové šetření mezi válečnými uprchlíky z Ukrajiny v Česku se zaměřením na jejich ekonomickou aktivitu, znalost českého jazyka a možný návrat. Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Katedra sociální geografie a regionálního rozvoje. Dostupné z: <https://geomigrace.cz/dotaznikove-setreni-mezi-valecnymi-uprchliky-z-ukrajiny-v-cesku/> [cit. 15. 5. 2026].
Drozd, Pavol – Duchovič, Jakub – Guido Sásová, Milada – Lukačovičová, Kristína – Paulenová, Petra – Schachtschneider, Katherine – Tašká, Michaela. 2024. Posilnenie inklúzie odídencov a cudzincov v Slovenskej republike. Súhrnná správa. Bratislava: Medzinárodná organizácia pre migráciu. Dostupné z: <https://www.minv.sk/?posilnenie-inkluzie-odidencov-a-cudzincov-v-slovenskej-republike> [cit. 15. 5. 2026].
Goldring, Luin. 2014. Resituating Temporariness as the Precarity and Conditionality ov Non-citizenship. In: Vosko, Leah F. – Preston, Valerie – Latham, Robert (eds.). Liberating Temporariness?: Migration, Work, and Citizenship in an Age of Insecurity in Canada. McGill-Quenn’s University Press. 219 – 254. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773592223-011
Goździak, Elżbieta M. 2025. The Role of Children’s Education in Family Decision-Making Strategies among Migrants in Poland. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 51 (1): 105 – 127. https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.25.007.21390
Hartonen, Ville R. – Väisänen, Pertti – Karlsson, Liisa – Pöllänen, Sinikka. 2022. A stage of Limbo: A meta-synthesis of Refugees' liminality. Applied psychology 71 (3): 1132 – 1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12349.
Kazmyrchuk, Mariia. 2025. Primary Sociocultural Adaptation of Ukrainian Refugees in Slovakia (2022–2024). Bratislava: Comenius University Bratislava.
Letavajová, Silvia. 2003. Problematika migrácií utečencov z hľadiska etnológie. Slovenský národopis 51 (3): 342 – 355.
Letavajová, Silvia – Divinský, Boris. 2019. Migration and Development in Slovakia. Bratislava: Katolícka charita na Slovensku.
Madianou, Mirca. 2016. Polymedia Communication among Transnational Families: What Are the Long-Term Consequences for Migration? In: Palenga, Emanuela – Kilkey, Majella (eds.). Family Life in an Age of Migration and Mobility: Global Perspectives through the Life Course. London: Palgrave. 71 – 93. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52099-9_4
Moritz-Leśniak, Wiktoria. 2025. Navigating Family Migration in Social Science Research / Problematyka migracji rodzinnych w badaniach nauk społecznych. Lud 109 (7): 160 – 181. https://doi.org/10.12775/lud109.2025.07
Oldenburg, Ray. 1989. The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day. New York: Marlowe & Company.
O’Reilly, Zoë. 2018. Living Liminality: Everyday Experiences of Asylum Seekers in the “Direct Provision” System in Ireland. Gender, Place & Culture 25 (6): 821 – 842. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1473345
Papcunová, Jana – Ďurbisová, Simona – Mukhina, Anna. 2023. Exploring Labour Integration Challenges for Ukrainians in Slovakia. Človek a spoločnosť 2: 1 – 14. https://doi.org/10.31577/cas.2023.02.618
Penninx, Rinus. Integration of Migrants: Economic, Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions. In: Macura, Miroslav – MacDonald, Alphonse L. – Haug, Werner (eds.). The New Demographic Regime Population Challenges and Policy Responses. New York – Geneva: United nations. 137 – 152. Dostupné z: <https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/pau/_docs/pau/PAU_2005_Publ_NDR.pdf> [cit. 15. 5. 2026].
Preissová Krejčí, A. 2025. Rekonstrukce identity žen uprchlých před válkou z Ukrajiny. Kulturní studia 1: 157 – 185. https://doi.org/10.7160/KS.2025-01(24).06cs
Prokop, Daniel – Kavanová, Martina – Škvrňák, Michael – Kunc, Michal – Levinský, Matěj – Kořínek, Antonín. 2023. Hlas Ukrajinců: Práce, bydlení, chudoba a znalost češtiny. Výzkum mezi uprchlíky. PAQ Research.
Schiller, Nina G. – Basch, Linda – Blanc-Szanton, Cristina. 1992. Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645 (1): 1 – 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33484.x
Seresová, Tatiana – Štefančík, Radoslav. 2024. Experiences of Ukrainian Migrants with Integration in Slovakia. Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae 66 (2): 141 – 159.
Standing, Guy. 2014. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Turner, Victor. 2004. Průběh rituálu: Struktura a antistruktura. Brno: Computer Press.
Wilsch, Martina – Hlinčíková, Miroslava. 2024. Housing as a Critical Precondition for Stability: Ukrainian Refugees in Slovakia. In: Understanding Slovakia: Contemporary Approaches in Local Anthropology. Bratislava: Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology SAS. 58 – 95.
INTERNET SOURCES:
„Dočasné útočisko – Úrad hraničnej a cudzineckej polície PPZ.“ Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky [online] [cit. 22. 1. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://www.minv.sk/?docasne-utocisko>.
„Katalóg subjektov poskytujúcich pomoc odídencom z Ukrajiny – Košický kraj.“ Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky [online] 27. 9. 2022 [cit. 22. 1. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/miestna_statna_sprava/okres_kosice/o01_oo/pomoc_ua/KatalogSubjektov_Odidenci_zUA_v.%2011.2_%2827.09.2022%29.pdf>.
„Smernica rady 2001/55/ES o minimálnych štandardoch na poskytovanie dočasnej ochrany v prípade hromadného prílevu vysídlených osôb.“ European Union. EUR-Lex [online] [cit. 21. 1. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/SK/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32001L0055>.
Stratégia 2024. „Stratégia integrácie cudzincov v meste Košice a Akčný plán integrácie cudzincov.“ Mestské zastupiteľstvo v Košiciach [online] schválené 18. 12. 2024 [cit. 20. 2. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://static.kosice.sk/meeting/resolve/PIRvz9zsb0kjOOPInHD/XhJkpGdWXP7H5uQ/X68PDXb1IW2uV1hM/uzn638.pdf>.
„Štatistický prehľad legálnej a nelegálnej migrácie cudzincov na území Slovenskej republiky – Ročenky 2004 – 2021.“ Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky [online] [cit. 22. 1. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://www.minv.sk/?rocenky>.
„Ukraine refugee situation.“ UNHCR [online] 2024 [cit. 25. 3. 2026]. Dostupné z: <https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine>.